By:Krissia Blanco Rodríguez.
The neutrophil is one of the most important cells in this system, the first defense against bacterial and fungal infections.
Deficiencies in number and / or function can cause the development of periodontal disease as a result of a diminished host immune response.
On the other hand, increased activity by this cell or, more specifically, an excessive release of its contents into the extracellular space, can cause tissue damage, a consequence of the evolution of periodontal disease.
The human body has the ability to be resistant to a wide variety of microorganisms and toxins can damage the tissues. This ability is called immunity.
The immune system is a complex network of cells, and different molecules and receptors responsible for preventing the entry of foreign agents to the agency or, failing that, to avoid the damage that can produce these antigens in case of passing the first barrier and enter the body.
A great deal of immunity in humans is acquired after the body is attacked by a microorganism or toxin, and often requires weeks or months to develop.
The initial periodontal lesion appears within 4 days of plaque accumulation.
No evidence of clinically but is characterized by an increase in gingival crevicular fluid (LGC), and migration of neutrophils from the vascular plexus epithelium into the gingival sulcus insertion
This movement of neutrophils from blood capillaries to the lesion consists of several stages:
1. Marginalization: PMN contact with the endothelial walls due to vascular stasis.
2. Adherence to endothelium: interaction between glycoproteins surface of neutrophils and its corresponding receptor in endothelial cells
(selectin E).
3. Diapedesis: the transendothelial migration. Contractile proteins are activated (actin and myosin) and the phagocytic cell pseudopodia issues that are introduced between the endothelial cell junctions.
4. Phagocytosis and cell death: the arrival of the PMN to the site of injury, they recognize specific molecules on the surface of the invader, then slip and destroy it.
This process is facilitated by opsonic proteins such as immunoglobulins.
Neutrophils can influence two different ways in the development of periodontitis.
On the one hand may be decreased in number and / or function so it would be a poor defensive response by the host.
This possibility is more frequent in those with a systemic disorder periodontitis.
On the other hand, the neutrophil may participate in the development of periodontal disease to cause tissue damage through their oxygen radicals and proteolytic enzymes, a fact helped by a delay in apoptosis.
Periodontal disease is a multifactorial process in which it is very difficult to accurately describe the role each of the cells and molecules involved in it.
Barbieri Petrelli G, Flores Guillén J, Vignoletti F. El neutrófilo y su
importancia en la enfermedad periodontal. Av Periodon Implantol.
2005; 17, 1: 11-16.
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